Anthropology
From Memory Alpha, the free Star Trek reference
Anthropology is the science that explores the origins (evolution), physical development, cultural development (language, politics), biological characteristics, sociology, and beliefs (religion and philosophy) of a culture. By the 23rd century the field expanded to include the field of astral anthropology. (TOS: "The Galileo Seven")
One who studies the subject is generally known as an anthropologist. During the 23rd century, Starfleet vessels included an A&A officer, who specialized in archeology, anthropology, and ancient civilizations. (TOS: "Who Mourns for Adonais?")
A three people anthropology team, including the Doctors Palmer, Barron, and Mary Warren observed and studied the proto-Vulcan humanoid society on Mintaka III in 2366. (TNG: "Who Watches The Watchers")
Anthropology is a general course taught at Starfleet Academy. (TNG: "The Game")
In the illusion for the USS Voyager crew created by the telepathic pitcher plant, in 2375, Chakotay was offered a part-time professorship of anthropology at Starfleet Academy. (VOY: "Bliss")
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Many personnel cards in the Star Trek Customizable Card Game have anthropology listed as a skill and many missions require it.
